![]() Vero cells and K562 cells were cultured at 37 ☌ and 5% CO 2. K562 cells (JCRB) were maintained in RPMI medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 10% FBS. Vero9013 cells (Vero cells JCRB, Ibaraki, Japan) were maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM Nissui, Tokyo, Japan) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Therefore, we used two lineage II ISFVs, Psorophora flavivirus (PSFV lineage IIa ISFV) isolated from Psorophora albigenu in Bolivia, and Barkedji virus (BJV lineage IIb ISFV) isolated from Culex spp. In this study, we performed antibody-based analyses using anti-lineage IIa and IIb ISFV sera to MBFV antigens to identify antigenic similarity among lineage IIa and IIb ISFVs, and the MBFVs. While the antigenic relationship between lineage II ISFV and MBFV have been investigated, the characterization of lineage IIa and IIb ISFVs compared with MBFVs are still poorly understood. The lineage II ISFVs are phylogenetically further divided into lineage IIa and IIb, and lineage IIa ISFVs seem to be associated Aedes species. ![]() Recently, hemagglutination inhibition assays and reactive analyses using a panel of anti-lineage II ISFV monoclonal antibodies showed that lineage II ISFV also possessed antigenically similar structural proteins to MBFVs. These studies suggest that structural proteins are conserved among these MBFVs. Reactive analyses using antibodies against the structural protein of MBFVs have demonstrated that those antibodies are mutually cross-reactive among MBFVs, especially Dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and West Nile virus (WNV), ,, , ]. ![]() įlaviviruses have positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genomes encoding a polyprotein comprised of structural and nonstructural proteins. ![]() However, there have been no reports of lineage II ISFVs infecting vertebrate cells under natural conditions. Therefore, lineage II ISFVs are considered to be dual-host affiliated ISFVs, which may be transmitted to mammals other than mosquitoes, as are MBFVs. In phylogenetic analyses, lineage II ISFVs cluster with the MBFVs. ISFVs are phylogenetically divided into lineage I (also called classical ISFV) and lineage II. TBFVs and MBFVs infect vertebrates sometimes producing disease. Flavivirus is a genus of single-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses, which includes tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFVs), mosquito-borne flaviviruses (MBFVs), and insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFVs). ![]()
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